Silent growth of Salafi Madkhalism in Europe (8)

Conclusion and References

It is hard to talk about the outlook of Madkhalism in Europe away from its mainstream in the Middle East. This is a two-way context: the Arab Spring and how some movements assumed power then lost it, and the Brotherhood's reaching power before its collapse.

This has ushered in expansion, polarization and recruitment, which highly impacted Europe. The classical model -- which is based on conservative ideology, rigorous structure and rigid central leadership -- of Islamist movements collapsed, as Khalil al-Anani, professor at Johns Hopkins, put it.

In the aftermath, a jihadi Salafi trend emerged and spread across Europe. During the Arab Spring uprisings, these Islamist movements attracted large segments of the masses thanks to their religious and political mobilization.

These movements shrewdly took advantage of the weakening regimes, lack of social justice and failure of development plans. This has fostered terrorist groups like ISIS in the region.

We have seen how strategies switched from domestic fighting to international combat after forming an alliance force against ISIS.

A number of factors helped the penetration of Muslim communities in Europe. Brotherhood and Salafi organizations supervised 'educational incubators' through Islamic centers and associations.

The social media has boosted the ideologies and increased polarization and recruitment, which led European Muslims to join militants.

The political Islamic organizations, which linked the Muslim communities to politics, collapsed. The fundamental Muslim Brotherhood organization was on top of these collapsed organizations. For instance, the Paris-based Federation of Islamic Organizations seceded from the Brotherhood's international organization.

The secession of this influential organization is a significant indication of major transitions that have already happened and yet to take place.

The Brotherhood's youth thought of removing the banded group's leaders and the Supreme Guide after its collapse in Egypt and Tunisia. They dropped three deceptive notions, as they put it, which are democracy, conciliation and to serve the people. They believe only in jihad.

The Brotherhood joined forces with all the other groups as happened in Egypt and Libya. This development has ushered mergers among [Islamist] organizations and allowed exchange of roles.

Simultaneously, ISIS and al-Qaeda sought to take advantage of this situation too, recruiting the collapsed organization's young men.

Acute organizational reshuffle took place among the Brotherhood's organizations in Jordan, Sudan and Egypt, causing splits and secessions and revisions of the old organization.

In Tunisia, Ennahda Movement switched to the constitution and established a civil party. It switched from absolute clash with the regimes to adapting with the reality.

That also has impacted Europe, which was concerned if the Brotherhood was a terrorist group or not.

The UK's House of Commons invited Ibrahim Mounir, the Brotherhood's Deputy Supreme Guide, to answer questions on the organization's stance on [terrorist thoughts] adopted by founders of the Brotherhood's Fourth Establishment.

The Brotherhood started to restructure itself in Europe. The Brotherhood introduced itself as the only organization that can contain militant groups and refute their ideas during the 21st round of the Islamic Forum of Europe. The move came after bombings hit Europe's safest cities like London, Paris and Brussels.

The bell tolled and all parties have realized the need to revise the old concepts, and well observe the Muslim immigrants and the political Islamic groups, which are licensed and financially supported by the European governments, working among them.

The objective is to come up with a new policy to tackle this problematic issue. The new strategies will deal with Salafists (with all their trends), the Brotherhood and jihadists.

As for the mechanisms of these strategies, there are licensed institutional associations – including the Madkhalist trend -- operating in Europe, and illegal groups represented in ISIS and al-Qaeda-affiliated terrorists.

Madkhalists use authorized mosques in Europe, Salafism will pose a threat to the Western values such as democracy, liberalism, modernity and secularism.

French researcher Mohamed Sifaoui told Le Figaro that Salafists reject to mingle and do not recognize any humanist values outside the concept of the Muslim nation.

Sifaoui says Salafists will pose a threat to coexistence as their Islamic vision does not comply with the French democracy and secularism.

The Salafists in Europe seek to be alternative to the Brotherhood, citing that they are on the right path and peaceful. However, the Salafi conflict will persist as Jihadist Salafism is an offshoot of the Salafi movement.

The most nagging question in the West is how a dynamic or preaching Salafist could turn into a Jihadist. 

In the West it is believed that every Salafi group is a potential Jihadist group in the future if certain conditions -- like occupation and oppression -- are realized.  The Salafi trends provide Jihadism with human resources even in the absence of these conditions. 

However, the Der Spiegel magazine says such Western viewpoint does not take into consideration that some Jihadists also join peaceful Salafi groups.

Salafists work via a legal framework by building up networks and constructing mosques, then they move to the streets. Salafists clashed with far-right party members in a German county.  That might advantage the Salafists, who earlier had handed out copies of the Holy Qur'an in streets. 

On the other hand, there is an extended role in the Middle East, as Salafi scholar Abu Ishaq al-Heweny visits Europe in support of Salafi expansion there. 

Salafist sheikh Adel Awad says in his book "Muslim Brotherhood International Organization in Turkey" that Germany is a Salafist hub".

Hans-Georg Maassen, Head of Germany's Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, said in 2017 that Berlin "is the world capital of Salafists".

The Salafi plan is based on a legal framework similar to what the Brotherhood did in Europe. Their activities are focused in clubs and streets.

That requires [from European authorities] to draw on a protectionist method through the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution or security measures, as explained by Susanne Schröter of the Frankfurter Research Center for Global Islam (FFGI).

References

1 - Salah al - Din Hassan visited the Salafi Sheikh Mohammed Said Raslan, in his village “Sobek Alahad” in the governorate of Menoufia, northern Egypt 2008 world.

2 - The official website of Sheikh Said Raslan published a number of speeches and lectures on combating demonstrations, the most prominent; “Do not tamper with the security of the country”, “the fatwa of demonstrations and sit-ins”, “Fear God about Egypt”.

3- Definition of Khawarij according to the heritage product of the majority of Muslims.

4- Sheikh Hisham al-Bayli, one of the Salafi Madkhalism movements, produce a number of lectures after the victory of former president Mohamed Morsi on the rule in Egypt, where he declared that he must be obeyed. The lectures were published on his website. http://www.elbeialy.com/  As agreed with the majority of current sheikhs such as Sheikh Mohammed Saeed Raslan. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K27tjBCwJZ8

5 – Sororaya: established in Saudi Arabia. Today, it is one of the most extensive intellectual and political currents in the Islamic world, founded by Sheikh Mohammed Sorour Zine El Abidine Suri of Houran, who was a Muslim Brotherhood member and defected.

6 - From a lecture by Mohammed Said Raslan entitled: "Sedition of collective action", see: http://www.rslan.com/

7- From a lecture by Sheikh Osama Al-Qusi and Salim Al-Hilali entitled: «Features of the Salafist Method», published on the site of the audio library of Sheikh Al-Qousi: http://www.islam-universe.com/audio/133.htm

8- From a speech by Said Raslan entitled "Fear God in Egypt", published on his personal website.

9. Ibid

10. Speech of Sheikh Abdulaziz Al Rayes posted on his website: https://islamancient.com/newsite/

11.  Al–Wadai lessons in the Islamic University in Madinah, where was influenced by the principles of Wahhabi and Salafist da'wah, Al–Wadai was a man of Zaydi origin, and later founded Dar al - Hadith in Damaj in Saada governorate in Yemen.  After a good relationship with the Yemeni Reform Rally, The Muslim Brotherhood's ideology in Yemen - was attacked by al-Wadai . See the Sheikh Muqbel's daughter website: https://alwadei967.blogspot.com/

13- He was a student to Ibn Baz, but he was involved in the events of the storming of Al-Haram Al-Makki. After the Saudi authorities released him three months later, he studied in a religious institute and completed his secondary education. Then he joined Muhammad bin Saud University. And continued his graduate studies in the Master, although he later called on his followers not to pay attention to modern education.

14. https://ferkous.com/home/?q=iftira-11

15. See Sheikh Farkous's website: https://ferkous.com/home/?q=frontpage

16. http://www.elbilad.net/article/detail?id=81155

17. http://m.elbilad.net/article/detail?id=81155

18 - A lecture by Usama al-Qusi, one of the sheikhs of the current, and Salim al-Hilali, entitled: "Features of the Salafist Approach", on the personal website of al-Qusi.

19- An article by Yahya bin Yahya al-Haddadi, imam and preacher of the Aisha bint Abi Bakr mosque in Riyadh, published on Sahab al-Salafiya online network.

20. Raslan, Handbook entitled "The Legitimacy of Collective Action", Dar Al-Farouk, p.20

21. See this link: http://www.anasalafy.com/play.php?catsmktba=43505

22. http://www.rslan.com

23- The Shaykh al-Muqaddam responded to the followers of Raslan: https://novom.ru/en/watch/en_WikAdQP4

24 - Ruslan responds to the leader of the Alexandria Salafist Sheikh al-Mokhtam: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XwnZF6y7gA

25 - Osama al-Qusi, one of Madkhalism in Egypt, in a lecture, described the Muslim Brotherhood as "the most dangerous group in Egypt," and that «a satanic idea», and under its umbrella the Takfir and migration and Hizb ut Tahrir and the Islamic Group came out , he also called in lectures on the Muslim Brotherhood and assassinations published in the YouTube that the Muslim community is the state , and therefore it will fight any collective action outside the regime, and will fight Islamic and partisan groups; because in his view against The concept of the community, and its war against them aims.

26 - Sheikh Mahmoud Amer, alerting the unaware of the reality of the Muslim Brotherhood.

27- A video clip on YouTube by Mohammed Said Raslan titled "Brotherhood Fury", in which he attacked a number of Brotherhood symbols. He considered that Hassan Al-Banna's statement that the nation's rivalry with the Jews is not a religious crime. In the same lecture, He admitted in his book «Memories Not Memoirs» that he likes to dance in Afrikaans and music.

28- A video clip of Osama al-Qousi on YouTube entitled "On the arrival of Hamas to power", and a speech by Mohammed Said Raslan titled "The people of Gaza know their killers" posted on his personal website: http://www.islam-universe.com/audio/133.htm

29- A video clip on YouTube by Osama Al-Qousi entitled "On Peace with Israel": http://www.islam-universe.com/audio/133.htm

30 - An article by Mahmoud Lutfi Amer entitled "Exporting Gas to Israel is Legally Legitimate", reported by the news: https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2011/08/06/182864.html

31- A lecture by Mohammed Saeed Raslan titled "Do not tamper with the security of the country", http://www.islam-universe.com/

32. Ibid

33. Ibid

34- Salah Hassan, Salafism with government flavor: http://salaheldinhassan.blogspot.com/2010/04/blog-post_15.html

35. Ibid

36. https://www.masress.com/shorouk/524782

37. https://www.masress.com/shorouk/524782

38-https://raseef22.com/politics/2017/03/29/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9% 84% D9% 81% D9% 8A% D8% A9-% D8% A7% D9% 84% D9% 83% D8% A7% D8% A8% D9% 88% 84% D8% B0% D9% 8A-% D9% 8A% D8% A4% D8% B1% D9% 82-% D8% A3% D9% 84% D9% 85% D8% A7% D9% 86 / 

39- http://hafriat.net/blog/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84% D8% D9% 84% D9% 84% D9% 84% D8% D9% 84% D9% 84% D9% 81% D9% 8% D9% 8% D9% 86% D8% D8% D9% 85% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% B8% D8% A8% D9% 85% D8% AA / 629

40. https://www.swissinfo.ch/ara/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-% D8% A8% D8% D8% A8% D8% D8% A8% D8% A8% D8% A8% D8% A8% D8% A8% D8% A8% D8% D9% 84% D8% B9% D8% B8% D8% A8% D9% A8% D8% A8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% A7% D9% 84% D8% B3% D9% 84% D9% 81% D9% 8A% D8% A9-% D9% 81% D9% 8A-% D9% 85% D8% B1% D8% A2% D8 % A9% D8% AE% D8% A8% D8% B8% D8% A8% D8% A8% D8% D8% A8% D8% D8% A8% D8% D8% B1% D9% 88% D8% A8% D9% 8A% D9% 8A% D9% 86/33237484

41. https://www.dw.com/en/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9% 8% D8% A9% D8% A8% D8% D8% A8% D8% D8% A8% D8% D8% A8% D8% A8% D8% B8% D8% D8% B8% D8% D8% B8% D8% D8% B8% D8% D8% D8% AC8% D8% D8% D8% % B9% D9% 8A% D8% A7% D8% AA-% D9% 85% D8% AA% D8% B7% D8% B1% D9% 81% D8% A9 / a-41435633

42. http://www.abwab.eu/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A% D8% A8% D9% A8% D9% A8% D9% A8% D9% A8% D9% A8% D9% A8% D9% A8% D9% D8% A8% D8% D8% B8% D8% D8% B8% D8% B8% D8% D8% B8% D8% D8% B8% D8% D8% B3% D8% A7% D8% AC D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% A8% D8% D8%

43. https://www.hespress.com/international/338665.html

44. Ibid

45 http://www.noonpost.org/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A% D9% 85% D9% 86% D9% 8A% D8% A9 /% D8% B3% D9% 84% D9% 81% D9% 8A% D9% 88% D9% 85% D9% 86-% D8% B5% D8% B9% D9% 88% D8% AF-% D8% B6% D8% A7% D8% B1% D8% A8-% D9% 8A% D9% 82 % D9% 88% D8% AF% D9% 87% D9% 84% D8% A7% D8% B9% D8% A8-% D9% 83% D8% B1% D8% A9-% D9% 82% D8% AF% D9% 85-% D8% B3% D8% A7% D8% A8% D9% 82%

46. Ibid

47. http://ruyaa.cc/Page/4814

48. Ibid

49. Ibid

50. Ibid

51. https://www.hespress.com/opinions/26883.html

52. Ibid

53. Ibid

54. http://almoslim.net/node/144102

55. https://www.alawan.org/2018/05/09/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8% A7% D9% 84% D9% 87% D9% 88% D9% 84% D9% 86% D8% AF% D9% 8A% D8% A9-% D8% B8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% D8% A8