The fractured terrorism still threats the USA
The terrorism threat to the United States is
evolving constantly, shaped both by the rise and decline of terrorist groups at
home and abroad and by changes in U.S. counterterrorism policy. Seamus Hughes
and Devorah Margolin of George Washington University’s Program on Extremism
provide a picture of the current danger to the United States, emphasizing how
the threat has fractured in recent years.
Study entitled “The Fractured Terrorism Threat to
America” revealed that Daesh and its formerly held territory are no longer the
incandescent bug lamp for the jihadist scene. The organization has lost both
its caliphate and its caliph in recent months.
The threats to the United States will be similar to
those we faced before: homegrown terrorism, Americans detained overseas, those
set to be released from prison and a changing online media landscape. However,
with the collapse of the caliphate, the Turkish incursions into Syria, and the
declaration of a new Islamic State leader, there are additional concerns,
including the return of foreign fighters and a cadre of American supporters who
feel like they missed their opportunity to “join the caravan” and must
violently avenge its demise.
For years, the FBI has given the same top-line figure
for the number of investigations related to international terrorism in the
United States, saying that there are 4,000 active investigations, including
throughout the Islamic State’s rise and diminishment.
But the
number of Americans arrested for attempted travel specifically to Syria or Iraq
has dropped significantly since its peak in 2014, while the percentage of
Islamic State-related arrests for domestic attacks shows a noteworthy jump.
Americans in Conflicts Abroad
Of the 300 U.S. citizens and residents who attempted
to leave or have successfully left the country to join jihadist groups in Syria
and Iraq, most notably the Islamic State, the Program on Extremism at George
Washington University has been able to identify 82 of these individuals by
name. Of these 82 identified Americans, the majority either have died or are
currently unaccounted for, while a handful are in custody in Syria, Iraq and
Turkey.
According to the Program on Extremism’s research, 36
Americans are known to have traveled or attempted to travel to alternative
destinations, including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Mali, Nigeria, Somalia and Yemen
during the same time period as the Islamic State’s rise.
In the near term, none of these destinations will be
able to attract the level of foreign jihadist mobilization seen in Syria, but
the foreign fighter flow should be monitored so that the United States is not
caught flat-footed, as it was in the early 2010s.
Returnees
Seventeen adults (12 men and five women) who
traveled to Syria and Iraq are publicly known to have returned to the United
States. Of these adults, 13 are currently facing charges for their actions,
including two women and 11 men.
The threat posed by returnees will vary. In fact,
there is only one known case of a Syria-based American jihadist traveler
planning to commit a terrorist attack after returning to the United States:
Ohioan Abdirahman Sheik Mohamud.
According to court records, Mohamud joined al-Nusra
Front in Syria for several months in 2014, during which time he received
tactical training. Later, the group instructed him to return home to commit a
terrorist attack. He was ultimately thwarted by a mix of solid law enforcement
work and luck.
The return of these “true believers” to America,
given their continued support for Islamic State ideology, will pose a challenge
to deradicalization programs, which are already scarce in America, in ways
disillusioned returnees never did.
