Ethiopia’s Leader Vows to ‘Bury This Enemy,’ Even as Rebels Advance

 As rebel fighters drew closer to the capital on Wednesday, Ethiopia’s embattled leader appealed to his soldiers to defend the city “with our blood,” in a stark and inflammatory speech that heightened the mounting air of crisis in Africa’s second-most populous country.

“We will sacrifice our blood and bone to bury this enemy and uphold Ethiopia’s dignity and flag,” Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed said at the military headquarters in the capital, Addis Ababa, a day after he had declared a national state of emergency and called on Ethiopians to pick up arms and repel approaching forces from the northern Tigray region.

Mr. Abiy, the winner of the 2019 Nobel Peace Prize, made his comments as the top United Nations human rights body released a report that offered more evidence of gross human rights violations by all sides in the year-old conflict, including massacres of civilians, sexual violence and attacks on refugees.

The Addis Ababa police continued a sweeping roundup of ethnic Tigrayans, raiding homes and cafes and checking identity cards on the street. The authorities claimed to be hunting for infiltrators, but analysts worried that, along with Mr. Abiy’s heated talk, the detentions could foster ethnically motivated attacks in the city.

The United States Embassy has advised American citizens in Ethiopia to leave immediately, and on Wednesday, it requested that Washington allow diplomats’ families and nonessential staff to depart the country on a voluntary basis, said a senior official who was not authorized to speak publicly.

The State Department, troubled by what it termed “the expansion of combat operations and intercommunal violence” there, said it was dispatching its Horn of Africa envoy, Jeffrey Feltman, to arrive in Ethiopia on Thursday.

Alarm started to spread through the capital over the weekend, after Tigrayan rebels captured two major towns about 160 miles to the north, following weeks of battle against Ethiopian government troops and allied ethnic Amhara militias.

The Tigrayans have joined forces with a smaller rebel group, from the ethnic Oromo group, and are preparing a major push toward Addis Ababa, a spokesman for the Oromos said on Wednesday.

Mr. Abiy vowed to meet them with fire.

“The enemy is digging a deep pit — a pit that will not be where Ethiopia will disintegrate, but where they will be buried,” he said during a candle-lit ceremony at the military academy marking one year since the war in Tigray erupted.

International pressure to halt the fighting, which has been accompanied by reports of rape, massacres and ethnic cleansing, has completely failed. Efforts to bring even a modicum of accountability for those atrocities have also come to little, as evidenced by the United Nations report released Wednesday.

Presenting a document packed with disturbing testimony from victims and witnesses, the United Nations’ human rights chief, Michelle Bachelet, said it pointed to “appalling levels of brutality” in the Tigray war that amounted to war crimes.

But the report by the U.N. body, which conducted the inquiry along with an Ethiopian government human rights commission, was written under significant government restrictions that critics said forced it to pull its punches. Ms. Bachelet said her team members had been subjected to intimidation and harassment during their research, and one was expelled on charges of “meddling in internal affairs.”

The investigators were unable to visit several sites where serious violations were said to have occurred and did not include testimony from any of the 60,000 Ethiopian refugees at camps in Sudan.

The final report stopped short of saying which side had committed the most atrocities, and rights groups protested that it engaged in false equivalence — appearing to equate the atrocities committed by Tigrayan forces, mostly in the early weeks of the fight, with a far greater number of serious crimes by Ethiopian forces and their allies over the next eight months.

Even so, it was the first official account of the litany of horrors in the war, which erupted in November 2020 after a simmering political feud between Mr. Abiy and Tigrayan leaders. After Tigrayan troops attacked a federal base in the region, government troops launched an offensive. They were quickly bolstered by fighters crossing the border from Eritrea, the neighboring country to the north.

A woman abducted from a bus described being gang-raped over 11 days by 23 Eritrean troops who left her for dead. Witnesses said that Tigrayans armed with axes and machetes killed 200 ethnic Amhara civilians over two days in western Tigray.

Days later, they said, Amhara fighters arrived to carry out revenge killings.

An older man said he was among 600 Tigrayan men paraded naked through a village by Eritrean troops who mocked and photographed them.

Ms. Bachelet denied that her team had been swayed by the Ethiopian government, whose federal human rights body jointly investigated and wrote the report.

 “Of course it is impartial,” she said. “The report stands for itself. I can say it was done very seriously.”

Human Rights Watch welcomed the report but said that it was “not an exhaustive account” of wartime atrocities in Ethiopia, and that a more thorough, independent inquiry was needed.

While most accounts of atrocities in Tigray have focused on Ethiopia and Eritrean troops and their allies, the U.N. report also lays out stark abuses by Tigrayan forces.

It described members of a Tigrayan youth group known as Samri going house to house in the town of Mai Kadra in November, slaughtering ethnic Amharas and other minorities and looting their property.

Although the report does not quantify the scale or proportion of atrocities committed by either side — in other words, who bore greater blame — Ms. Bachelet, during a news briefing, did point to Eritrean and Ethiopian troops.

The report also said it “could not confirm” the use of starvation as a weapon of war in Tigray. Yet other U.N. bodies have loudly criticized a de facto government blockade in place since July that has largely cut off food and medicine supplies to a region where 5.2 million people urgently need help and 400,000 are said to be living in faminelike conditions.

Ms. Bachelet, though, did not shy from describing the harsh effect of that blockade — no aid trucks have been allowed to enter Tigray since Oct. 18, she said. But that only raised questions about why such information had been excluded from the report.

Several Western diplomats familiar with the work of the U.N.-led investigation acknowledged its limitations, but said they hoped it might establish a foundation for future criminal prosecutions.

Yet the report fails to identify individual perpetrators, and Ethiopia’s judicial system has a poor record in bringing such cases to light. The authorities say they have convicted seven soldiers of rape and put another 20 on trial, Ms. Bachelet said.

But those proceedings lacked transparency and did not meet international standards, she added. She said she supported the creation of an international investigative body for Ethiopia along the lines of those already working on war crimes and atrocities in Syria and Myanmar.